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Publication date: 1 May 2024

Source: Advances in Space Research, Volume 73, Issue 9

Author(s): Kateryna D. Aksonova, Andrii O. Sopin, Dalia Burešová, Andriy V. Zalizovski, Ihor F. Domnin

Publication date: 1 May 2024

Source: Advances in Space Research, Volume 73, Issue 9

Author(s): Waqar Younas, Majid Khan, C. Amory-Mazaudier

Publication date: 1 May 2024

Source: Advances in Space Research, Volume 73, Issue 9

Author(s): Kirolosse M. Girgis, Atef O. Sherif

Little is known about the nature and evolution of Earth's continental crust before a few billion years ago because cratons, or stable swaths of the lithosphere more than 2–3 billion years old, are relatively rare.

Early on Tuesday (April 23), Taiwan was hit by a series of earthquakes with the highest magnitude at 6.3. The latest tremor came less than three weeks after a magnitude 7.4 quake hit the island, damaging more than 100 buildings and trapping dozens of people in collapsed tunnels.

The potential of global coastal flood risk reduction using various DRR measures
Eric Mortensen, Timothy Tiggeloven, Toon Haer, Bas van Bemmel, Dewi Le Bars, Sanne Muis, Dirk Eilander, Frederiek Sperna Weiland, Arno Bouwman, Willem Ligtvoet, and Philip J. Ward
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1381–1400, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1381-2024, 2024
Current levels of coastal flood risk are projected to increase in coming decades due to various reasons, e.g. sea-level rise, land subsidence, and coastal urbanization: action is needed to minimize this future risk. We evaluate dykes and coastal levees, foreshore vegetation, zoning restrictions, and dry-proofing on a global scale to estimate what levels of risk reductions are possible. We demonstrate that there are several potential adaptation pathways forward for certain areas of the world.

FOREWARNS: development and multifaceted verification of enhanced regional-scale surface water flood forecasts
Ben Maybee, Cathryn E. Birch, Steven J. Böing, Thomas Willis, Linda Speight, Aurore N. Porson, Charlie Pilling, Kay L. Shelton, and Mark A. Trigg
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1415–1436, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1415-2024, 2024
This paper presents the development and verification of FOREWARNS, a novel method for regional-scale forecasting of surface water flooding. We detail outcomes from a workshop held with UK forecast users, who indicated they valued the forecasts and would use them to complement national guidance. We use results of objective forecast tests against flood observations over northern England to show that this confidence is justified and that FOREWARNS meets the needs of UK flood responders.

Characteristics of debris-flow-prone watersheds and debris-flow-triggering rainstorms following the Tadpole Fire, New Mexico, USA
Luke A. McGuire, Francis K. Rengers, Ann M. Youberg, Alexander N. Gorr, Olivia J. Hoch, Rebecca Beers, and Ryan Porter
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1357–1379, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1357-2024, 2024
Runoff and erosion increase after fire, leading to a greater likelihood of floods and debris flows. We monitored debris flow activity following a fire in western New Mexico, USA, and observed 16 debris flows over a <2-year monitoring period. Rainstorms with recurrence intervals of approximately 1 year were sufficient to initiate debris flows. All debris flows initiated during the first several months following the fire, indicating a rapid decrease in debris flow susceptibility over time.

Scoring and ranking probabilistic seismic hazard models: an application based on macroseismic intensity data
Vera D'Amico, Francesco Visini, Andrea Rovida, Warner Marzocchi, and Carlo Meletti
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1401–1413, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1401-2024, 2024
We propose a scoring strategy to rank multiple models/branches of a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) model that could be useful to consider specific requests from stakeholders responsible for seismic risk reduction actions. In fact, applications of PSHA often require sampling a few hazard curves from the model. The procedure is introduced through an application aimed to score and rank the branches of a recent Italian PSHA model according to their fit with macroseismic intensity data.

A team led by atmospheric scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory has demonstrated the first-ever remote observations of the fine-scale structure at the base of clouds. The results, just published in npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, show that the air-cloud interface is not a perfect boundary but rather is a transition zone where aerosol particles suspended in Earth's atmosphere give rise to the droplets that ultimately form clouds.

As a massive heat dome lingered over the Pacific Northwest three years ago, swaths of North America simmered—and then burned. Wildfires charred more than 18.5 million acres across the continent, with the most land burned in Canada and California.

Powerful monsoon winds, strengthened by a warming climate, are lofting unexpectedly large quantities of ozone-depleting substances high into the atmosphere over East Asia, new research shows.

As wildfires in Siberia become more common, global climate modeling estimates significant impacts on climate, air quality, health, and economies in East Asia and across the northern hemisphere.

Abstract

On behalf of the authors and readers of Reviews of Geophysics (RoG), the American Geophysical Union, and the broader scientific community, the editors wish to wholeheartedly thank those who reviewed manuscripts for RoG in 2023.

No abstract is available for this article.

Author(s): A. Srinivasan, T. R. Boehly, M. C. Marshall, D. N. Polsin, P. B. Radha, M. J. Rosenberg, A. Shvydky, D. Cao, V. N. Goncharov, S. X. Hu, J. Marozas, S. Miller, S. P. Regan, P. M. Celliers, D. E. Fratanduono, and M. Hohenberger

Precise modeling of shocks in inertial confinement fusion implosions is critical for obtaining the desired compression in experiments. Shock velocities and postshock conditions are determined by laser-energy deposition, heat conduction, and equations of state. This paper describes experiments at the…

[Phys. Rev. E 109, 045209] Published Wed Apr 24, 2024

Author(s): Yihua Huang, Zhenhao Liang, Jiaolong Zeng, and Jianmin Yuan

For low-density plasmas, the ionization balance can be properly described by the normal Saha equation in the chemical picture. For dense plasmas, however, nonideal effects due to the interactions between the electrons and ions and among the electrons themselves affect the ionization potential depres…

[Phys. Rev. E 109, 045210] Published Wed Apr 24, 2024

Nature-based climate solutions can help mitigate climate change, especially in forested regions capable of storing and sequestering vast amounts of carbon. New research published in Global Change Biology indicates that a single hurricane in New England, one of the most heavily forested regions in the United States, can down 4.6–9.4% of the total above-ground forest carbon, an amount much greater than the carbon sequestered annually by New England's forests.

Abstract

Exposure to ionizing radiation from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar energetic particles (SEP) at aircraft flight altitudes can have an adverse effect on human health. Although airline crews are classified as radiation workers by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), in most countries, their level of exposure is unquantified and undocumented throughout the duration of their career. As such, there is a need to assess pilot ionizing radiation exposure. The Nowcast of Aerospace Ionizing RAdiation System (NAIRAS), a real-time, global, physics-based model is used to assess such exposure. The Automated Radiation Measurements for Aerospace Safety (ARMAS) measurement data set consists of high latitude, high altitude, and long-duration aircraft flights between 2013 and 2023. Here, we characterize radiation exposure at aviation flight altitudes using the NAIRAS model and compare with 45 flight trajectories from the recent ARMAS flight measurement inventory.

Abstract

Smartphone global navigation satellite system measurements in suburban environments suffer from severe multipath and noise, posing a challenge in dealing with the potential outliers. Using the range errors derived from smartphones, the characteristics of range errors can be further utilized to optimize the stochastic model and improve outlier diagnosis in user environments. Compared to existing algorithms, a new adaptive phase/code precision ratio scheme is proposed. Furthermore, a scale factor is utilized to deal with the over-optimization issue in the fitted weighting scheme functions, and adaptive a posteriori residual rejection method which considers the number of rejected measurements is introduced. The positioning improvements brought by the proposed algorithm are validated step by step. The proposed adaptive phase/code precision ratio can reduce the 68th and 95th horizontal positioning errors by 4 cm and 3 cm, respectively, compared to a ratio of 100. The percentage of horizontal positioning errors within 1 m can be improved by 7% (from 50 to 58%). Compared to the conventional carrier-to-noise (C/N0)-based weighting scheme, the proposed weighting scheme can reduce the 68th and 95th percentile horizontal positioning errors by 14 cm and 15 cm, representing improvements of 11% and 8%, respectively. Applying the new residual rejection method, the percentage of positioning errors within 1 m improves from 42 to 54% compared to C/N0-based weighting scheme. The results demonstrate great potential for achieving overall sub-meter level horizontal positioning performance with smartphones in suburban environments.