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Editors’ Vox is a blog from AGU’s Publications Department.

AGU Publications is committed to supporting early career professionals and provides many opportunities for developing scientists. One of these opportunities is our annual summer publications internship, where someone early in their career is given an inside look at many different aspects of publishing at a scientific society.

Our summer 2025 publications intern, Mackenzie Flynn, joined our team with several unique opportunities and perspectives in between her Master’s and Doctorate studies. Here, Mackenzie shares her background, reflects on the internship, and discusses how the internship will help her moving forward.

What is your academic background?

When I was in the fifth grade, I was asked to do a project on my future career of choice: from contacting potential universities to “dressing the part” for my presentation. Back then, I insisted that I would be a mineralogist and prepared my flannel shirt and field pants. While I did not end up going to Harvard as originally planned, nor did I become a mineralogist, I maintained my passion for geology. This led me to obtain my Bachelor of Science in Geology from Bucknell University with a minor in Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies.

While attending Bucknell, I was given a number of opportunities. As a Presidential Fellow, I was able to take part in summer research from the first semester of my freshman year, during which I studied a passive remediation system targeting abandoned coal mine drainage under Dr. Molly McGuire and Dr. Ellen Herman. By my second semester, I was a teaching assistant (TA) for introductory geology labs. The Geology Department also hosts spring break trips to the western United States, which function as a sort of miniature field camp and happens to be where I met the alumni who introduced me as a contender for a spot in the University of Oklahoma’s (OU) graduate program.

Figure 1. A) Late nights in the McGuire-Herman lab processing mine drainage samples with Hannah Schultheis. B) Double rainbow over the valley seen during a Bucknell Geology 2020 spring break trip stop in Globe, AZ. C) Views from on top of The Whaleback at the Bear Valley Strip Mine field trip during my first time as a Teaching Assistant (Coal Township, PA).

This past spring, I finished my Master of Education in Instructional Leadership and Academic Curriculum with a focus in Science Education from OU. My thesis—advised by Dr. Kelly Feille—focused on climate change education for secondary (grades 6-12) science teachers, for which I developed and taught two-week professional development programs that targeted both academic and pedagogical content knowledge through an Earth systems perspective. I’m also currently completing my Master of Science in Geology, characterizing mineral dust aerosols across the Great Plains Ecoregion of Oklahoma under Dr. Lynn Soreghan.

Figure 2. A) My boots overlooking the sunset in White Sands National Park, New Mexico; one of many stops taken on a field trip during my graduate carbonates. B) Sunset views from the Oklahoma Mesonet site located in Tishomingo, OK. Also, one of the sites used in my master’s research in geology studying mineral dust aerosols. C) Taking a break and appreciating the scenery on Mount Fløyen during my study abroad in Norway, which had graduate and undergraduate classes focused on outdoor education and the psychology of adventure therapy.

How have you engaged with AGU since you were first introduced to it?

I first joined AGU as a member during my senior year of my undergraduate degree for two reasons: my advisors suggested I present a poster at the 2022 annual meeting in New Orleans, and I was actively looking for jobs. Having AGU as my first (non-school-sponsored) conference was a little overwhelming and I ended up pulling my poster to focus on writing my thesis, which was due the week after. However, this allowed me to explore more of the conference with my fellow students. I remember being particularly attentive during a session on government jobs and visiting almost every university’s table in the exhibition hall to ask about their graduate programs.

While I maintained my membership since then, my second true interaction with AGU was presenting my preliminary data at the 2024 annual meeting in Washington D.C. I didn’t realize it then, but I actually met my future coworkers there at the publications table. They were kindly telling me about all their journals and pointing to ones of particular interest for my research area while I robbed them blind of no less than five journal stickers (one for each of the journals they recommended). Ever since then, my job notifications have been turned on for AGU.

Figure 3. A) Outside of AGU 2021 with (from left to right) Allison Bergeron, Molly O’Halloran, me, and Bayasgalan Erdene-Ochir. B) A quick group picture right before the “Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Federal Science Jobs, Fellowships, and Internships” Town Hall. C) Reuniting with Molly O’Halloran at AGU 2024 after the Presidential Forum Lecture with Sharon Lavigne.

Why did you decide to apply as an intern?

I applied to this internship, first and foremost, because of my positive past experiences with AGU as an organization. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the work that they are doing to support scientists in the United States that are struggling in the current political climate, specifically climate scientists. Finally, as someone who is normally on the other side of the journal submission form, I thought it would be a great opportunity to gain a new perspective on scientific publishing and further develop science communication skills.

What have you worked on during the internship?

During my time at AGU, I’ve split my time in the publications department between journal operations and promotions. In operations, my work primarily took place in Earth’s Future and Water Resources Research, but I also occasionally lent a hand in GeoHealth, JGR: Planets, and JGR: Solid Earth. There, I helped with initial quality control; checking newly submitted manuscripts to ensure that they met our standards and abided by our publication policies. I also worked with journal editors to secure peer reviewers for manuscripts and followed up to maintain journal timeliness standards.

For my work with promotions, I primarily assisted with outlining and editing Eos Editor’s Highlights and Editor’s Vox pieces. However, I was also recently given the opportunity to create posts for our social media accounts on BlueSky, X, Facebook, and Instagram. This work allowed me to apply my geoscience background and science communication skills, while working with editors and authors to feature recent research using accessible language for diverse audiences.

My work at AGU was rounded out with meeting attendance. I was asked to jump right in during my first week and attend several journal Editorial Board meetings to take minutes. As a part of the Research Impact Team, I was presented with opportunities to provide a student and early career perspective on upcoming conference materials, project planning, and marketing campaigns. Finally, I was also invited to take part in the marketing and editorial meetings with AGU’s publishing partner, Wiley.

How will this internship help you going forward?

Gaining an inside perspective on scientific publishing and the life of a manuscript has been an invaluable experience.

As someone who is currently situated within academia, gaining an inside perspective on scientific publishing and the life of a manuscript has been an invaluable experience for when I go on to publish my own research. Additionally, this internship allowed me to work with scientists from around the world and has exposed me to a variety of methods for science communication in terms of both mediums (Vox, Highlights, social media, etc.) and how people adjust their language within those varying contexts for the appropriate target audiences. During my time, I was able to explore cutting-edge research in a variety of fields, testing and applying my understanding of areas outside of my primary focus as a graduate student to assist authors and editors in creating promotional material that would make their work more accessible to different audiences.

I was also exposed to a variety of pathways in the field of scientific publishing. From books to community science to data analysis, my supervisors set up quick introductory meetings with a variety of my publications colleagues so that I could gain a more complete understanding of AGU and everything behind the scenes.

What are your next steps and hopes for the future?

While I finish up my M.S. in Geology, I’ve also just started the first semester of my PhD in Instructional Leadership and Academic Curriculum with a focus in science education under Dr. Kelly Feille. Additionally, I’m participating in the first cohort of OU’s newly established Sustainable Energy Systems certificate program. I hope that my next few years in these programs will afford me the opportunity to continue my research in climate change and environmental science education, pursue more outdoor and informal educational studies, present more chances to improve my science communication skills, and — if I’m lucky — catch up on sleep every once in a while.

No matter what form it takes, my primary goal is to make Earth science as accessible as possible to diverse groups.

After finishing up with my education (optimistically before I turn 30, for my mother’s sake), I’d like to work somewhere where I can utilize my geoscience and education background. At this point, my dream job would be an education outreach coordinator for a science-related organization. No matter what form it takes — whether it is a non-profit, scientific society, state geologic survey, science museum, or government body — my primary goal is to make Earth science as accessible as possible to diverse groups.

—Mackenzie Flynn (m.e.flynn.research@gmail.com; 0009-0000-6942-8636) University of Oklahoma, United States

Citation: Flynn, M. (2025), All publish, no perish: three months on the other side of publishing, Eos, 106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EO255031. Published on 29 September 2025. This article does not represent the opinion of AGU, Eos, or any of its affiliates. It is solely the opinion of the author(s). Text © 2025. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.

It is likely that the final death toll from the collapse of the Matai’an landslide dam will be 25 people.

The dust is literally settling in the aftermath of the breach of the Matai’an landslide dam in Taiwan. The current estimates for the loss are life are 18 fatalities with seven more missing, and a further 107 injuries. This would seem to be a high level of loss for an event that was forecast, so there is considerable upset in Taiwan. Questions are being raised as to why no major attempt was made to mitigate the hazard at the site of the landslide.

I will discuss the site of the landslide itself in the coming days, but in the meantime this pair of Planet images gives an idea of the scale of the impact of the Matai’an landslide dam breach. First, this is PlanetScope image from 30 August, before the breach:-

A satellite image of Guangfu township in Taiwan before the breach of the Matai’an landslide dam. Image copyright Planet, used with permission. Image dated 30 August 2025.

And here is the same site after the breach:-

A satellite image of Guangfu township in Taiwan after the breach of the Matai’an landslide dam. Image copyright Planet, used with permission. Image dated 27 September 2025.

And here is a slider to compare the two images:-

Images copyright Planet: https://www.planet.com/.

As the images show, there is an extremely high level of inundation of Guangfu, especially on the eastern side of the town.

Reference

Planet Team 2024. Planet Application Program Interface: In Space for Life on Earth. San Francisco, CA. https://www.planet.com/

Return to The Landslide Blog homepage Text © 2023. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.

A new study published in the journal Science, led by scientists at the City College of New York (CCNY) and Columbia University, challenges long-held beliefs about how El Niño events influence rainfall during the Indian summer monsoon. The findings show that while El Niño often brings drought conditions to India overall, it also increases the likelihood of devastating downpours in some of the country's most heavily populated regions.

SUMMARYSeismic waves undergo attenuation and dispersion as they propagate through the Earth. These effects are caused by mechanisms such as partial melting in the crust and mantle, and the presence of water in the mantle. Neglecting attenuation effects may result in phase distortion and amplitude anomalies when imaging the Earth’s interior structure. Here, we introduce a novel wave equation for modeling viscoelastic wave propagation in frequency-independent Q media. The proposed viscoelastic wave equation offers several advantages over previous methods: (1) the quality factor Q is explicitly integrated into the wave equation, simplifying the derivation of sensitivity kernels for Q full waveform inversion; (2) the wave equation can be directly solved using the spectral element method, which is computationally more efficient than methods requiring Fourier transforms; and (3) the relaxation time (weighting function) of the wave equation depends only on the selected frequency range, independent on the specific Q values. The accuracy of the proposed wave equation is validated through comparisons with analytical solutions and results from the Generalized Standard Linear Solid (GSLS) method. Furthermore, the method is rigorously tested on two benchmark earth models to assess its capability in handling topographic variations and complex structural configurations in heterogeneous attenuative media. Given its accuracy and reduced computational costs, this new wave equation is expected to be highly beneficial for seismic reverse time depth imaging and viscoelastic full waveform inversion applications.

The exchange of water and heat between Earth and its atmosphere determines climate zones and ecosystems, which in turn influence where essential human activities take place.

Warming may lead to less frequent but bigger and more devastating hail storms, new research has shown.

Beneath our feet, an invisible world of electron exchanges quietly drives the chemistry that sustains ecosystems, controls water quality, and even determines the fate of pollutants.

A new, precisely detailed map of the continental United States puts data from more than a hundred different geologic maps into one interactive interface.

“Mineral resources or major infrastructure projects, even urban planning or disaster management, they all rely on maps.”

The Cooperative National Geologic Map from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is the result of 3 years of development but builds on decades of mapping by geoscientists. Those efforts have yielded a multifunctional tool cataloging the complex rock strata that make up the conterminous United States: vast swaths of glacial till across the Great Plains, bands of ancient metamorphic rocks in the Appalachian Mountains, overlapping layers of volcanic rocks covering the Pacific Northwest, and more.

The audience for the new geologic map is broad: USGS encourages its use by everyone from the curious general public to professionals involved in searching for natural resources or identifying potential natural hazards.

The Cooperative National Geologic Map allows users to toggle between disparate map layers (including age and map source) for a single location, in this case the Eagle Valley Formation in Colorado. Credit: USGS, Public Domain

“Geologic maps and topographic maps are the first stop for so many large-scale efforts,” said Juliet Crider, a geologist at the University of Washington who wasn’t involved in the map’s creation. “Mineral resources or major infrastructure projects, even urban planning or disaster management, they all rely on maps.”

The Cooperative National Geologic Map places a premium on such approachability. Rock layers are delineated by color, and users can click on them to learn more. Users can switch between views that differentiate rocks by source material or age or bounce between different geologic layers in one location. Citations to the original maps integrated into the Cooperative National Geologic Map and stored by the National Geologic Map Database let users dig into the source material.

“I view this as a very effective educational tool,” said David Soller, senior program scientist for the National Geologic Map Database at USGS and part of the map’s development team. “It’s an exciting way for people to begin to understand the geology and to see the similarities and the differences between how the geology was mapped in different areas at different times.”

Decades of Work, Brand-New Technology

The new map draws upon decades of surveying work categorizing the types and origins of the rocks and sediments that compose the geology of the United States.

These data come from many sources, including state geologic surveys and university geologists. These sources don’t always use the same units, a key challenge USGS mapmakers had to address. In fact, the new map is in part the product of a recent push by the Association of American State Geologists and the National Geologic Map Database to standardize geologic maps from across the country, said Sam Johnstone, a research geologist at USGS involved in the map’s creation.

“This map shows some of what we can do by harnessing the power of having that community standard,” Johnstone said.

USGS mapmakers also benefited from a new, largely automated process for adding disparate geologic maps into a single database. It relies on taxonomic categories like rock type and geologic age to standardize data from different maps, building on a process geologists have established over decades of work, Johnstone said.

“What we did is formalize some of that through this process that relies on taxonomies to select broad categories of units,” Johnstone said.

The new tool can integrate a new map in about a minute with little user input, according to Johnstone, meaning adding new and updated maps will be much easier and much faster than before.

A Work in Progress

Though the new map integrates data from different states, Crider noted it still reveals disparities in how geologic data are collected and published. The Idaho-Washington border, for example, stands out clearly in the new map, not because the geology changes suddenly, but because each state provided different information about the rock layers near the border.

The underlying geology of Washington (left) and Idaho doesn’t recognize state borders, but historically, the state geologic societies have used different reporting structures. Credit: USGS, Public Domain

Such disparities are unavoidable on the new map, said Johnstone, because the goal was to integrate data without altering the original maps’ interpretations. The disparities point to opportunities for future collaboration across state agencies and with USGS, Crider suggested.

Future updates to the Cooperative National Geologic Map will include the addition of Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and other U.S. territories. Further updates may include improved functionality in the map legend, as well as the ongoing addition of new geologic maps as they become available.

—Nathaniel Scharping (@nathanielscharp), Science Writer

Citation: Scharping, N. (2025), New USGS map offers an interactive look at the rocks beneath our feet, Eos, 106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EO250356. Published on 26 September 2025. Text © 2025. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.

Wastewater from agricultural runoff and human waste contains nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which can pollute natural waters and cause harmful algal blooms. These nutrients may persist at low levels even after wastewater has been biologically and chemically treated.

In southern Florida, many wastewater treatment facilities inject the treated water into wells 60–120 feet deep. As the water percolates underground, it is diluted by rainwater and groundwater. Chemical interactions with Key Largo Limestone—the rock that makes up the subsurface in the upper and middle Keys—and with microbes living in the groundwater filter out residual nutrients, such as the nitrogen-bearing compounds nitrate and nitrite.

“The idea is that the microbial nitrogen cycle will transform nitrate and nitrite to ammonium and nitrogen gas, which is then released to the atmosphere, before the effluent reaches coastal waters,” explained Miquela Ingalls, a sedimentary geochemist at Pennsylvania State University (Penn State). Similarly, phosphorus is removed from wastewater via a chemical reaction that attaches it onto the limestone bedrock.

But a new study, coauthored by Ingalls, shows that shallow injection doesn’t entirely eliminate nitrogen, raising the possibility that the nutrient may be contaminating coastal ecosystems.

The study’s authors analyzed water from monitoring wells near a wastewater injection site in the Florida Keys. They found that nitrogen and phosphorus levels decreased as water moved away from the site, but were still detectable at a depth of 6 meters (20 feet) and a distance of 350 meters (~1,150 feet) from the injection site, close to the Florida Bay shoreline.

In an earlier study targeting phosphorus, also in the Florida Keys, Ingalls and other researchers at Penn State concluded that up to 10% of initially present soluble reactive phosphorus (the form of phosphorus that can be directly taken up by plants) remained in injected water and was ultimately discharged into the ocean.

The new study aimed to determine how effectively shallow injection eliminates nitrogen.

Some Nitrogen Persists

The study focused on a wastewater injection site in Marathon, located on Vaca Key. The city of Marathon currently pumps treated wastewater between 18 and 27 meters (59–89 feet) into the underlying Key Largo Limestone. In 2021 and 2022, Penn State scientists installed nine monitoring wells 3–27 meters (10–89 feet) deep near the injection site. The researchers then measured levels of nitrate, dissolved nitrogen, and other chemicals at the monitoring wells from 2021 to 2023 and compared them with the levels found in the injected wastewater.

Nitrate levels were elevated at a monitoring well 350 meters (~1,150 feet) from the injection site and close to the Florida Bay.

At most wells, nitrate was completely eliminated from wastewater 2 weeks after injection. However, nitrate levels remained elevated 3–6 meters (10–20 feet) deep in a monitoring well 350 meters (~1,150 feet) north of the injection site and close to the Florida Bay.

This monitoring well is farthest from the injection site and is probably in the path of injected wastewater, according to the previous study, which found that wastewater injected in Marathon mostly travels north and east. As it travels, the water rises toward the surface. This may explain why nitrate is elevated at the most distant well: Close to the injection site, wastewater remains at its initial depth, but after traveling hundreds of meters, it has risen far enough to contaminate shallow groundwater. The contaminated well’s location on the Florida Bay shoreline suggests that along with phosphorus, some wastewater-derived nitrogen may be washing out to sea.

The authors attributed the imperfect filtering of nutrients to the unique setting of the Florida Keys. For wastewater injection, timing is important: The longer wastewater remains underground, the more time there is for microbial and chemical processes to filter out contaminants. But the Keys are mostly composed of small, narrow islands, so the injected wastewater doesn’t travel very far before reaching the ocean.

Groundwater in the Keys also mixes with seawater, making an especially salty and dense mixture. The injected wastewater has a lower density, causing it to buoy up toward the surface and limit the time spent underground.

Nitrogen Pollution Harms Coastal Ecosystems

The discharge of nitrogen into the Florida Bay may have consequences for marine life. The researchers found total nitrogen concentrations of 18 micromoles per kilogram just offshore of the contaminated monitoring well, surpassing the local threshold of 16.1 micromoles per kilogram defined by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection.

Such pollution from wastewater and other human activities is harmful to wildlife, said Brian Lapointe, a marine scientist at Florida Atlantic University who was not involved in the research, because “increased nutrient concentrations support not only algal blooms and microbial pathogens, including coral diseases, but also myriad water quality problems.”

“Nutrient pollution from shallow injection wells has been a major local pollution source driving eutrophication in coastal waters of the Florida Keys for decades.”

“Nutrient pollution from shallow injection wells has been a major local pollution source driving eutrophication in coastal waters of the Florida Keys for decades,” Lapointe said. But both Lapointe and Ingalls highlighted that nutrient pollution in certain parts of the Florida Keys has decreased in recent years, largely due to advances in wastewater treatment. “The effluent being injected into the subsurface starts with a lower concentration of nutrients, so there is less to remediate by biological and chemical processes within the Key Largo Limestone,” Ingalls said.

Nonetheless, Lapointe recommended eliminating shallow injection of wastewater as a way to reduce nutrient pollution. The city of Marathon is set to phase out shallow injection following a 2022 lawsuit filed by the environmental group Friends of the Lower Keys (FOLKs). Instead, the city will transition to deep well injection, which is used in other parts of the Florida Keys. Deep wells inject wastewater more than 2,000 feet underground, lowering the chances that wastewater will rise to the surface before microbes and chemical reactions can filter out contaminants.

—Caroline Hasler (@carbonbasedcary), Science Writer

Citation: Hasler, C. (2025), Shallow injection imperfectly filters Florida wastewater, Eos, 106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EO250357. Published on 26 September 2025. Text © 2025. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.

Powerful pulses of groundwater flow up from beneath Lakes Michigan and Huron, which together form one of the largest freshwater systems in the world. This groundwater flux may dramatically alter how and where ice forms, with important implications for ice-climate models. As climate change pressures the system, new research suggests that conventional models may underestimate how groundwater can destabilize lake ice along its shorelines (coasts).

Author(s): Ph. Korneev, N. D. Bukharskii, I. V. Kochetkov, M. Ehret, Y. Abe, K. F. F. Law, S. Fujioka, G. Schaumann, and B. Zielbauer

Experimental and numerical investigations into the generation of strong magnetic fields in plasma, using a picosecond petawatt laser interacting with specially designed “snail” targets, open paths to the creation of all-optical ultrabright sources of directed high-energy charged particle beams.

#ElegantVisuals #TheoryExperiment

[Phys. Rev. E 112, 035211] Published Fri Sep 26, 2025

SummaryWe present a high-order tetrahedral spectral element (SE) method for the computation of three-dimensional (3D) magnetotelluric (MT) forward responses, designed to overcome the limitations of conventional SE methods that rely on hexahedral grids. Our approach utilizes tetrahedral grids, enabling the accurate simulations of large-scale, geophysically complex models, including intricate subsurface anomalies and irregular topography. Starting from Maxwell’s equations, we derive the governing SE equations using a magnetic vector potential A and an electric scalar potential Φ, incorporating the Coulomb gauge to suppress spurious solutions. The computational domain is discretized using the weighted residual Galerkin method, with Proriol-Koornwinder-Dubiner (PKD) polynomials serving as the weighting and shape functions within each tetrahedral element. Two coordinate transformations-affine and collapse transformations are applied during the solution process. To better leverage the properties of the basis functions, both the interpolation and integration nodes are chosen from the same Warp & Blend point set, rather than using two separate sets, which simplifies the computation of the coefficient matrix terms. The resulting global sparse linear system is solved efficiently using the PARDISO direct solver. We assess the accuracy and computational performance of our method through validation against well-established MT community models. Our evaluation, based on misfit (relative error), degrees of freedom (DOFs), computational time, and memory usage for various polynomial orders, demonstrates that the proposed SE method on tetrahedral grids offers a robust and efficient solution for high-precision forward modeling in MT applications.

SummaryWe conduct a seismological monitoring study for groundwater fluctuations within the 12-years period of 2012-2023 in Beijing using relative seismic velocity changes (dv/v) from continuous ambient noise data. Our measured dv/v time series agree with groundwater level changes observed from groundwater wells and reveal significant characteristics on hydrological and other environmental changes. The most intriguing feature is a dv/v increase of ∼0.02% in winter, which is interpreted as the imprint of frozen ground perhaps associated with decoupling between air pressure and groundwater. In addition, a rapid reduction of dv/v during the second half of 2021 indicates the development of a groundwater recharging event resulting from heavy rainfall. The long-term trends of dv/v suggest a groundwater rebound from 2018 to 2023 over the study area, which we attribute to increased precipitation, recharging due to the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, and reduced irrigation.

SummaryWe present a novel method for generating kinematic rupture models for near-source broadband ground motion simulations. Our approach constructs realistic rupture-parameter distributions for slip, rupture velocity and rise time using Von Karman (VK) fields. To more realistically model the slip pattern, we propose rescaling the VK field to follow a truncated exponential distribution rather than a Gaussian, following previous findings on inversion results. For rupture propagation, we initiate the rupture from slip-constrained hypocenter locations, which is crucial for accurately capturing directivity effects. Finally, to characterize the local slip-rate evolution at each computational point on the fault, we propose to employ the regularized Yoffe functions to which small-scale variations are added using 1D VK-fields whose properties are constrained from a database of dynamic rupture simulations. The statistical properties of these fields are calibrated using a database of dynamic rupture simulations, ensuring appropriate high frequency radiation from the generated rupture.Our rupture generator produces kinematic source descriptions to simulate ground motions that successfully reproduce the mean and standard deviation from ground motion models (GMM) for Mw 6.0-7.0 earthquakes. Additionally, our generator allows for the integration of low-frequency source inversions and complements the high frequency radiation of a seismic rupture with physics-constrained stochastic variations. Our broadband pseudo-dynamic kinematic rupture generator facilitates and possibly improves the simulation of realistic high-frequency ground motions to advance seismic hazard analysis.

Salt intrusion is a growing concern worldwide. Eleonora Saccon, who completed a master's degree in climate change ecology in her native Italy, studied the effects of salty surface water at the NIOZ branch in Zeeland.

Publication date: Available online 17 September 2025

Source: Advances in Space Research

Author(s): Susmita Chougule, Dadaso Shetti, R. Fleury, K. Venkatesh, Prajakta Chougule

UC Riverside researchers have discovered a piece that was missing in previous descriptions of the way Earth recycles its carbon. As a result, they believe that global warming can overcorrect into an ice age.

A vital waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the Panama Canal relies on fresh water supplied by a reservoir to raise and lower the locks that allow the transit of thousands of ships a year.

Typhoons and their Atlantic counterparts—hurricanes—can develop into massively destructive storms that can take a severe toll on both infrastructure and human life. Climate change is additionally spurring even more intense storms with higher wind speeds and rainfall.

Earth scientists often face huge challenges when researching Earth's history: many significant events occurred such a long time ago that there is little direct evidence available. Consequently, researchers often have to rely on indirect clues or on computer models.