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DynCFS: A Program for Modeling Dynamic Coulomb Failure Stress Changes in Layered Elastic Media

Geophysical Journal International - Fri, 01/02/2026 - 00:00
SummaryCoulomb failure stress change (ΔCFS) quantifies the earthquake-induced difference of shear stress and frictional resistance on a receiver fault, with the latter being proportional to the effective normal stress change. ΔCFS has become a widely used measure for studying earthquake triggering, dynamic rupture processes and earthquake-induced secondary disasters. In simple layered or half-space elastic media, methods for computing static ΔCFS have been well established, with programs such as Coulomb3, PSGRN-PSCMP, and AutoCoulomb being widely used. In contrast, dynamic ΔCFS evaluation generally relies on numerical discretization schemes, such as finite-difference, finite-element, boundary-element and discontinuous Galerkin methods, which, while suitable for complex structures, are computationally expensive. To overcome these limitations, we develop DynCFS, a user-friendly, Green’s function based and therefore computationally efficient program for calculating both static and dynamic ΔCFS in layered elastic media. The tool enables rapid assessment of dynamic triggering effects, both between successive earthquakes and among multiple sub-events or faults during an earthquake.

Preserving Corals to Study the Past and Document the Present

EOS - Thu, 01/01/2026 - 15:00
What Corals Can Tell Us about Climate

Coral reefs are proxies for past climates, as well as archives for the future. Beneath their dazzling colors and displays are “rocklike skeletal structures containing annual bands, similar to tree rings.” And like tree rings, coral cores offer valuable insights “into past environmental conditions because coral growth can respond sensitively to climate variability.”

That accessible explanation comes from scientist-authors Avi Strange, Oliwia Jasnos, Lauren T. Toth, Nancy G. Prouty, and Thomas M. DeCarlo, as they introduce readers to CoralCT, an innovative repository of coral images taken with X-ray and computed tomography technology. The result is “A Coral Core Archive Designed for Transparency and Accessibility”—and a resource documenting years, centuries, and sometimes millennia of climate change and ecosystem adaptation.

The CoralCT archive contains images from around the world—the Great Barrier Reef, the Caribbean, the Red Sea. The scientists studying how “Coral Cores Pinpoint the Onset of Industrial Deforestation” have a more narrow focus: just three reefs in the South China Sea off Malaysian Borneo. The changing ocean chemistry preserved by these coral cores serves as a record of excess erosion, a known consequence of deforestation.

Rapidly rising sea levels, increasing ocean temperatures, and acidifying waters are threatening coral reefs and their contribution to the climate record. As the ocean becomes increasingly inhospitable, researchers are turning to both geoengineering and cryopreservation to save hundreds of coral species. Some researchers are exploring the prospects for stratospheric aerosol injection to help save corals from bleaching, while others have established a cooperative cryobank network for the Coral Triangle.

This month’s thematic collection shares how coral reefs are more than just pretty polyps. They are vital resources for scientists studying the history of Earth’s climate and documenting its present state.

—Caryl-Sue Micalizio, Editor in Chief

Citation: Micalizio, C.-S. (2026), Preserving corals to study the past and document the present, Eos, 107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2026EO260008. Published on 1 January 2026. Text © 2026. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.

Our Favorite Science Stories of 2025

EOS - Wed, 12/31/2025 - 11:00

It’s been a trying year for science and scientists, and I’m proud of the way Eos is meeting the moment with a new blog, Research & Developments (R&D), dedicated to quickly relaying content and context for science news. Anchoring R&D coverage is our Science Policy Tracker, updated multiple times a day with late-breaking stories from around the world. Bookmark it!
Caryl-Sue Micalizio, Editor in Chief

Crowds Stand Up for Science Across the United States. In March, Eos reporters and editors documented huge Stand Up for Science rallies across the country. The resulting story conveys the inspiring passion, anger, hope, and resilience of scientists who faced monumental challenges this year.
Grace van Deelen, Staff Writer

I struggled to narrow down my favorite science stories of 2025, but there were two standouts. The first is an Eos article written by Katherine Bourzac about air pollution, environmental racism, and the difficulties that come with measuring and regulating odors. The second is a short documentary from The New York Times featuring unbelievably crisp audio of a melting glacier. I also enjoyed these two articles about health risks associated with access to air-conditioning and climate doulas.
Anaise Aristide, Senior Production and Analytics Specialist

This year started out with two devastating fires that swept through the L.A. area, displacing thousands of people and causing millions of dollars in damage. The area is home to scientists of all disciplines, many of whom sprang into action to understand the impacts of the fires even as themselves and their families were affected. Eos spoke with these scientists about the fires’ impact on air, land, sea, and the people in a four-part series, highlighting the strength and resilience of the science community in the face of disaster.
Kimberly M. S. Cartier, Senior Science Reporter

When Disaster Science Strikes Close to Home. Amid Eos’s team coverage of science done in the aftermath of the January 2025 Los Angeles fire, I was inspired by Kimberley Cartier’s coverage of the local scientists who jumped in to lend a hand with data collection. The work these researchers did must’ve had physical and emotional tolls—and understandably, it wasn’t always appreciated in the moment by residents who’d just lost their homes—but it was an important supplement to agency efforts to document the fires’ myriad effects on public and environmental health and to communicate those effects to local communities.
Timothy Oleson, Senior Science Editor

Video Shows Pulsing and Curving Fault Behavior. This article wins 2025 for its sheer coolness. By pure chance, a security camera captured video of the Myanmar earthquake (which I may have replayed more than a dozen times). This visually confirmed the curvature of fault slip and that earthquakes propagate in pulses. The story includes a word that was new to me—always a plus: slickenline. The scientists’ analysis of the video showed that these scratch marks relate to the direction an earthquake traveled, with implications for future hazards if an earthquake tends to rupture in one direction.
Faith Ishii, Assistant Director, Operations

33.8 Million People in the United States Live on Sinking Land. This article by our colleague Grace van Deelen was both fascinating and dismaying. I mean, most of us knew that New Orleans and Venice were sinking. But New York is sinking! Denver is sinking! Houston is sinking! Because much of this subsidence is linked to human activities like infrastructure building and groundwater pumping, Grace’s coverage is an important way to raise awareness of this issue and of what can be done about it.
Emily Gardner, Associate Editor

A Major Miner Problem. A difficult conundrum faces part of the geophysics workforce. As the realities of climate change have led to scientists withdrawing from the mining industry, it turns out we need experts in this field more than ever if we are to find the critical minerals for renewable energy in a way that can meaningfully supplant our reliance on oil and gas.
Heather Goss, Publisher and Senior Director of Strategic Communications and Marketing

Sunspot Drawings Illuminate 400 Years of Solar Activity. I found the project to combine centuries-old data with modern technology for the benefit of present-day researchers fascinating, and I loved that historians were given credit as “detectives” and “real heroes” who “went from archives to basements and traveled all over the world and talked with people, convinced them to let them in, allowed them to take pictures.”
—Tshawna Byerly, Copy Editor

Scientists Discover an Ancient Landscape – in Our Own Backyard. I loved learning about the identification of ancient grasslands and meadow in Virginia.
Lexi Shultz, Vice President of Science Policy & Government Relations

An Upgraded Alvin Puts New Ocean Depths Within Reach. The mysteries and oddities of the deep ocean are a never-ending source of amazement to me. So I loved learning about how the upgraded capabilities of the long-serving and extraordinarily productive Alvin submersible now put roughly 99% of the seafloor within scientists’ reach.
Timothy Oleson, Senior Science Editor

The Doomsday Glacier Is Getting Closer and Closer to Irreversible Collapse. Our collective attention continues to zero in on the Thwaites Glacier. A new feature story in Wired covers research in JGR Earth Surface on the 20-year evolution of fractures near the glacier’s “pinning point” keeping it anchored to the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Eos has long covered research on this important climate signal, nicknamed the “Doomsday Glacier,” including the National Science Foundation’s decision earlier this year to decommission the Nathaniel B. Palmer, the United States’ only Antarctic research vessel–icebreaker.
Heather Goss, Publisher and Senior Director of Strategic Communications and Marketing

What If Our Ancestors Didn’t Feel Anything Like We Do? This is a feature in The Atlantic about a field that blends history, psychology, and neuroscience to try to determine whether emotions—like anger or disgust or love—actually felt the same to our ancestors. It’s a fascinating idea that’s well worth the read.
Grace van Deelen, Staff Writer

The Truth About Testosterone. The Science Writers Association of the Rocky Mountains launched its inaugural science writing awards this year. I enjoyed this piece by Stephanie Pappas for Scientific American, which received an honorable mention. Deep, scientific dives into the health trends hawked by TikTokers and podcasters are almost always important, and I found this account particularly engrossing.
Emily Gardner, Associate Editor

Small Satellites, Big Futures. This feature by Eos senior science reporter Kim Cartier spotlights several programs in which high school and college students can gain hands-on experience designing, building, and launching cubesats. Full of great quotations and photos, this article about encouraging and building up the next generation was a bright spot in a year full of bad news about science funding and programs.
Faith Ishii, Assistant Director, Operations

Awesome turnout in support of @ncar-ucar.bsky.social at #AGU25. Take a look at how many people use our products!

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— Sam Rabin (@samsrabin.bsky.social) December 18, 2025 at 2:35 PM

It was gratifying to see virtually the entire scientific community rally behind the National Center for Atmospheric Research, much of it documented in the #SaveNCAR tag. Sometimes it’s easy to forget we’re all in this together, but we are.
Caryl-Sue Micalizio, Editor in Chief

Because it is fun, I am going to include The Batman Effect: “In the control condition, a female experimenter, appearing pregnant, boarded the train with an observer. In the experimental condition, an additional experimenter dressed as Batman entered from another door. Passengers were significantly more likely to offer their seat when Batman was present (67.21% vs. 37.66%, OR = 3.393, p < 0.001). Notably, 44% of those who offered their seat in the experimental condition reported not seeing Batman. These findings suggest that unexpected events can promote prosociality, even without conscious awareness, with implications for encouraging kindness in public settings.” Science!
Liz Crocker, Director, Thriving Earth Exchange

Penguin poop!
Joshua Weinberg, Vice President, Strategic Communications and Marketing

—AGU

Citation: AGU (2025), Our favorite science stories of 2025, Eos, 106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EO250487. Published on 31 December 2025. Text © 2025. AGU. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.

Satellite data and weather models improve short-term solar irradiance forecasts in China

Phys.org: Earth science - Wed, 12/31/2025 - 01:20
The intermittent nature of solar energy poses challenges to grid stability, making accurate ultra-short-term solar irradiance forecasting crucial for balancing supply and demand. However, traditional numerical weather prediction models often struggle with cloud initialization, leading to forecast inaccuracies.

High-Resolution Analysis of the 2025 Offshore Seismic Sequence in the Aeolian Archipelago (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy)

Geophysical Journal International - Wed, 12/31/2025 - 00:00
SummaryIn February-March 2025 a seismic sequence occurred in the western sector of the Aeolian Archipelago (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy), a seismotectonic complex region located along the Africa-Eurasia plate boundary and mainly controlled by their NW-trending convergence. The seismicity, located ∼20 km south of Alicudi Island and ∼40 km north of the coast of Sicily, started on February 7 with an earthquake of magnitude Mw 4.7 that was followed in the next month by 42 events with local magnitudes between 1.2 and 3.4. Notwithstanding its moderate energy, this recent seismicity offers a unique opportunity to investigate seismogenic processes in a region for which a seismic potential of ∼M7 or even more has been suggested and a relevant data paucity mainly related to its offshore location was widely recognized. We tackle the limitations of not-optimal network configuration, by designing an ad-hoc approach, which integrates different advanced techniques. Specifically, we combine Bayesian methodology for accurate absolute hypocenter locations, machine learning techniques for detection of weaker events, Distance Geometry Solvers for relative locations, and a probabilistic inversion tool for source mechanism estimation. Our analysis led us to strongly enrich the dataset of detected earthquakes, and to define the causative source of the 2025 sequence as a NE-SW trending N-dipping thrust faulting structure. The proposed source agrees with the regional seismogenic stress field and with the structural architecture of the southern Tyrrhenian portion of the Africa-Eurasia plate margin by also adding new constraints in a sector where no known fault segments were previously reported. This study provides new insights on seismogenic processes in the investigated area, while proving the effectiveness of the employed combined approach for characterizing seismogenic sources in poor network configurations.

What's inside Mexico's Popocatépetl? Scientists obtain first 3D images of the whole volcano

Phys.org: Earth science - Tue, 12/30/2025 - 12:43
In the predawn darkness, a team of scientists climbs the slope of Mexico's Popocatépetl volcano, one of the world's most active and whose eruption could affect millions of people. Its mission: figure out what is happening under the crater.

Editorial Board

Earth and Planetary Science Letters - Mon, 12/29/2025 - 19:11

Publication date: 1 February 2026

Source: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 675

Author(s):

Isotopic constraints on the Barium subduction cycle

Earth and Planetary Science Letters - Mon, 12/29/2025 - 19:11

Publication date: 1 February 2026

Source: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 675

Author(s): Qasid Ahmad, Martin Wille, Carolina Rosca, Thomas Pettke, Jörg Hermann, Stephan König

Melting phase relations in Fe-FeS under Martian core pressures: Crystallization of Fe<sub>12</sub>S<sub>7</sub> at the inner core?

Earth and Planetary Science Letters - Mon, 12/29/2025 - 19:11

Publication date: 1 February 2026

Source: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 675

Author(s): Fumiya Sakai, Kei Hirose

Using rate-and-state friction constitutive laws to predict seismicity rates for ice rifts on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica

Earth and Planetary Science Letters - Mon, 12/29/2025 - 19:11

Publication date: 1 February 2026

Source: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 675

Author(s): Kathrine Udell-Lopez, Mong-Han Huang, Vedran Lekić

Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen on present-day Mars during dust events

Earth and Planetary Science Letters - Mon, 12/29/2025 - 19:11

Publication date: 1 February 2026

Source: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 675

Author(s): Wenshuo Mao, Xiaohui Fu, Zhongchen Wu, Jiang Zhang, Zongcheng Ling, Yang Liu, Yu-Yan Sara Zhao, Jiacheng Liu, He Cui, Hitesh G. Changela, Yuheng Ni, Lifang Li, Joseph R. Michalski

Friction heterogeneity constrains rupture dynamics across a narrow seismogenic zone: The 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo Earthquake (Eastern Tibet)

Earth and Planetary Science Letters - Mon, 12/29/2025 - 19:11

Publication date: 1 February 2026

Source: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 675

Author(s): Kuilin Xiao, Qiang Qiu

Enhanced marine primary productivity during the long-term Ordovician cooling: A barium isotope perspective from South China

Earth and Planetary Science Letters - Mon, 12/29/2025 - 19:11

Publication date: 1 February 2026

Source: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 675

Author(s): Shengchao Yang, Junxuan Fan, Chao Li, Yi-Bo Lin, Yiying Deng, Zongyuan Sun, Jian Cao, Shu-zhong Shen

Tectonic structures and stress state associated with seamount subduction in accretionary prism. Implications for slip behavior

Earth and Planetary Science Letters - Mon, 12/29/2025 - 19:11

Publication date: 1 February 2026

Source: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 675

Author(s): Alexis Gauthier, Nadaya Cubas, Laetitia Le Pourhiet

Apatite records mechanical and chemical processes over the lifetime of a subduction interface, Andros Island, Greece

Earth and Planetary Science Letters - Mon, 12/29/2025 - 19:11

Publication date: 1 February 2026

Source: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 675

Author(s): Eirini M. Poulaki, Cailey B. Condit, Margaret L. Odlum, Jason N. Ott, Megan E. Ferrell

Three-dimensional density structure underneath the Marius Hills volcanic complex on the Moon

Earth and Planetary Science Letters - Mon, 12/29/2025 - 19:11

Publication date: 1 February 2026

Source: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 675

Author(s): Shiyu Zhang, Bo Chen, Qian Huang, Changyi Xu, Xiaolong Wei

The role of crystal-bubble interactions, outgassing and magma composition in the ascent dynamics of alkaline magmas: Implications for eruptions at Vesuvius

Earth and Planetary Science Letters - Mon, 12/29/2025 - 19:11

Publication date: 1 February 2026

Source: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 675

Author(s): Fabio Arzilli, Giuseppe La Spina, Emily C. Bamber, Daniele Morgavi, Lorenzo Fedele, Lucia Mancini, Marko Prašek, Ileana Santangelo, Giulia Chiominto, Annamaria Perrotta, Thomas Lemaire, Hélène Balcone-Boissard, Daniele Giordano, Claudio Scarpati

A new subduction initiation mechanism induced by lateral subduction propagation

Earth and Planetary Science Letters - Mon, 12/29/2025 - 19:11

Publication date: 1 February 2026

Source: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 675

Author(s): Chunyang Wang, Weiwei Ding, Wouter P․ Schellart, Zhengyi Tong, Yinxia Fang, Jiabiao Li

Role of hydrothermal alteration and thermally activated healing on earthquake dynamics along oceanic transform faults

Earth and Planetary Science Letters - Mon, 12/29/2025 - 19:11

Publication date: 1 February 2026

Source: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 675

Author(s): Mingqi Liu, Sylvain Barbot

Ultramafic float rocks at Jezero crater (Mars): excavation of lower crustal rocks or mantle peridotites by impact cratering?

Earth and Planetary Science Letters - Mon, 12/29/2025 - 19:11

Publication date: 1 February 2026

Source: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 675

Author(s): O. Beyssac, E. Clavé, O. Forni, A. Udry, A.C. Pascuzzo, E. Dehouck, P. Beck, L. Mandon, C. Quantin-Nataf, N. Mangold, G. Lopez-Reyes, C. Royer, O. Gasnault, T.S.J. Gabriel, L. Kah, S. Schröder, J.R. Johnson, T. Bertrand, B. Chide, T. Fouchet

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