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Science - Thu, 07/11/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6705, Page 124-125, July 2024.

Can ‘cow flu’ be eliminated—or is it too late?

Science - Thu, 07/11/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6705, Page 126-127, July 2024.

Accusations sting bee ‘odometer’ studies

Science - Thu, 07/11/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6705, Page 127-128, July 2024.

Ancient crystals show plate tectonics began early

Science - Thu, 07/11/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6705, Page 129-129, July 2024.

Stunning 3D chromosomes preserved in thawed mammoths

Science - Thu, 07/11/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6705, Page 130-130, July 2024.

Biologist returns after harassment suspension

Science - Thu, 07/11/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6705, Page 131-132, July 2024.

Neanderthals and moderns mingled early and often

Science - Thu, 07/11/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6705, Page 132-133, July 2024.

Rat poison’s long reach

Science - Thu, 07/11/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6705, Page 134-137, July 2024.

Stop H5N1 influenza in US cattle now

Science - Thu, 07/11/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6705, Page 123-123, July 2024.

New Products

Science - Thu, 07/11/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6705, Page 224-224, July 2024.

International scope of biomedical research ethics review

Science - Thu, 07/11/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6705, Page 145-147, July 2024.

In Science Journals

Science - Thu, 07/11/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6705, Page 154-156, July 2024.

A modeling System for Identification of Maize Ideotypes, optimal sowing dates and nitrogen fertilization under climate change – PREPCLIM-v1

Geoscientific Model Development - Thu, 07/11/2024 - 05:03
A modeling System for Identification of Maize Ideotypes, optimal sowing dates and nitrogen fertilization under climate change – PREPCLIM-v1
Mihaela Caian, Catalin Lazar, Petru Neague, Antoanela Dobre, Vlad Amihaesei, Zenaida Chitu, Adrian Irasoc, Andreea Popescu, and George Cizmas
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2024-105,2024
Preprint under review for GMD (discussion: open, 1 comment)
We present the implementation and use of a new integrated climate-phenology adaptation modeling system for climate change using CORDEX scenarios and DSSAT crop model with new developed modules for optimal agro-management and genotype identification under future climate. Optimisation is a hybrid deterministic /ML genetic algorithms method. The system is user-interactive in real time, has been implemented and tested for South Romania, is applicable for Southern-Europe and extendable for Europe.

The Role of the Toroidal Vortex in Cumulus Clouds' Entrainment and Mixing

JGR–Atmospheres - Wed, 07/10/2024 - 19:30
Abstract

Shallow convective clouds play a crucial role in Earth's energy budget, as they modulate the radiative transfer in the atmosphere and participate in the vertical transport of aerosols, energy, and humidity. The parameterizations representing these complex, vital players in weather and climate models are mostly based on a description of steady-state plumes and are a source of major uncertainty. Recently, several studies have shown that buoyant thermals are inherent in atmospheric convection and contain a toroidal (ring) vortex. This work studies those vortices in growing shallow cumulus (Cu) clouds using high-resolution (10 m) Large Eddy Simulations that resolve these vortices in much detail. Recent analysis of such data showed that small-scale turbulent diffusion is unable to explain the large diluted portion of the cloud. Here we advocate for the important role of the Cu toroidal vortex (TV) in cloud dilution and present the complex dynamics and structure of a Cu TV. Nevertheless, since the vortex dominates the cloud's dilution, simplicity emerges when considering the cloud's lateral mass flux profile. The cloud mixing is quantified using direct flux calculations and Eulerian tracers. In addition, Lagrangian tracers are used to identify the origin of the entrained air and its thermodynamic properties. It shows that most of the air entrained by the vortex is not recycled by the vortex, yet is significantly more humid than the environment. We suggest that the development of new models describing thermals, together with their toroidal vortices, might improve cloud parameterizations in weather and climate models.

Issue Information

JGR–Atmospheres - Wed, 07/10/2024 - 19:04

No abstract is available for this article.

Preparation of low-concentration H2 test gas mixtures in ambient air for calibration of H2 sensors

Atmos. Meas. techniques - Wed, 07/10/2024 - 18:16
Preparation of low-concentration H2 test gas mixtures in ambient air for calibration of H2 sensors
Niklas Karbach, Lisa Höhler, Peter Hoor, Heiko Bozem, Nicole Bobrowski, and Thorsten Hoffmann
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 4081–4086, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-4081-2024, 2024
The system presented here can accurately generate and reproduce a stable flow of gas mixtures of known concentrations over several days using ambient air as a dilution medium. In combination with the small size and low weight of the system, this enables the calibration of hydrogen sensors in the field, reducing the influence of matrix effects on the accuracy of the sensor. The system is inexpensive to assemble and easy to maintain, which is the key to reliable measurement results.

Flood risk assessment through large-scale modeling under uncertainty

Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences - Wed, 07/10/2024 - 17:29
Flood risk assessment through large-scale modeling under uncertainty
Luciano Pavesi, Elena Volpi, and Aldo Fiori
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-114,2024
Preprint under review for NHESS (discussion: open, 0 comments)
Several sources of uncertainty affect flood risk estimation for reliable assessment for investors, insurance and risk management. Here, we consider the uncertainty of large-scale flood hazard modeling, providing a range of risk values that show significant variability depending on geomorphic factors and land use types. This allows to identify the critical points where single value estimates may underestimate the risk, and the areas of vulnerability to prioritize risk reduction efforts.

The Capability of Amphibole in Tracing the Physicochemical Processes of Magma Mixing

GRL - Wed, 07/10/2024 - 16:59
Abstract

This study explores the capability of amphibole in tracing the physicochemical process of magma mixing through spatially associated gabbros, mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) and granodiorites from central Tibet. These rocks share similar zircon ages as well as zircon Hf-O and plagioclase Sr isotopes. However, the amphiboles within the gabbros and granodiorites have different Sr and B isotope compositions, while amphiboles with both heterogeneous isotopic imprints occur in the MMEs. According to data and modeling, significant mixing of two isotopically distinct magmas is recorded by amphibole but not by zircon and plagioclase. Based on a synthesis of petrography, geochemistry and thermobarometry, we interpret this inconsistency by the crystallization order of minerals and propose that magma mixing occurred after the parent magma was emplaced at ∼10 km and cooled to ∼750°C. Our study highlights that amphibole may be a more sensitive tracer of magma mixing relative to other commonly used methods.

Increases of Offshore Wind Potential in a Warming World

GRL - Wed, 07/10/2024 - 16:56
Abstract

Offshore wind farms, a rapidly expanding sector within wind energy, are playing a significant role in achieving global carbon neutrality, and this trend is to continue. Here, we utilize ERA5 reanalysis to correct offshore wind speed trends predicted by CMIP6 models. This approach led to enhanced projections for changes in offshore Wind Power Density (WPD) under four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios. Throughout the 21st century, global offshore WPD is projected to follow an upward trend across all SSP scenarios. Notably, Europe stands out with the most substantial increase in offshore WPD among regions with higher current installations, projected to reach up to 26% under 4°C global warming. Our study uncovers a notable increase of global offshore WPD in a warmer climate, which offers valuable insights for the strategic planning of future global wind energy.

Vegetation‐Generated Turbulence Does Not Impact the Erosion of Natural Cohesive Sediment

GRL - Wed, 07/10/2024 - 16:43
Abstract

Previous studies have demonstrated that vegetation-generated turbulence can enhance erosion rate and reduce the velocity threshold for erosion of non-cohesive sediment. This study considered whether vegetation-generated turbulence had a similar influence on natural cohesive sediment. Cores were collected from a black mangrove forest with aboveground biomass and exposed to stepwise increases in velocity. Erosion was recorded through suspended sediment concentration. For the same velocity, cores with pneumatophores had elevated turbulent kinetic energy compared to bare cores without pneumatophores. However, the vegetation-generated turbulence did not increase bed stress or the rate of resuspension, relative to bare cores. It was hypothesized that the short time-scale fluctuations associated with vegetation-generated turbulence were not of sufficient duration to break cohesion between grains, explaining why elevated levels of turbulence associated with the pneumatophores had no impact on the erosion threshold or rate.

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