Abstract
Agricultural soils containing nitrogen-rich fertilizers are a substantial source of reactive nitrogen to the atmosphere with potential to impact air quality. One form of reactive nitrogen, nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2), are a harmful air pollutant and form secondary pollutants, including particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3). Soil nitrogen oxide emissions (SNOx) are heavily influenced by environmental conditions, however the understanding of the influence of environmental drivers on the behavior of SNOx is limited. Here, we implement a modified soil moisture-dependent SNOx parameterization into the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) and investigate the impact on regional air quality in the central U.S. Evaluating against TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) column NO2 observations, WRF-Chem columns better capture the TROPOMI column magnitudes earlier in the growing season when using the updated SNOx parametrization, with modeled column bias improved to −1.1% over the most heavily fertilized regions. Evaluating against Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) surface NO2 observations, the relationship between surface NO2 and soil moisture is better represented in agriculturally-dominant regions when using the updated parameterization, with greatest surface NO2 concentrations at moderate soil moisture and lower concentrations at wetter or drier soil conditions. In simulations, these SNOx lead to increased O3 in select urban regions, with more than double the occurrences of O3 exceeding the EPA 8-hr O3 standard of 70 ppb.
