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Determination of Outer Radiation Belt MeV Electron Energization Rates and Delayed Response Times to Solar Wind Driving During Geomagnetic Storms

JGR:Space physics - Thu, 07/25/2024 - 07:00
Abstract

Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) data show that seed electrons generated by sub-storm injections play a role in amplifying chorus waves in the magnetosphere. The wave-particle interaction leads to rapid heating and acceleration of electrons from 10's of keV to 10's of MeV energies. In this work, we examined the changes in the radiation belt during geomagnetic storm events by studying the RBSP REPT, solar wind, AL, SML, and Dst data in conjunction with the WINDMI model of the magnetosphere. The field-aligned current output from the model is integrated to generate a proxy E index for various energy bands. These E indices track electron energization from 40 KeV to 20 MeV in the radiation belts. The indices are compared to RBSP data and GOES data. Our proxy indices correspond well to the energization data for electron energy bands between 1.8 and 7.7 MeV. Each E index has a unique empirical loss rate term (τ L ), an empirical time delay term (τ D ), and a gain value, that are fit to the observations. These empirical parameters were adjusted to examine the delay and charging rates associated with different energy bands. We observed that the τ L and τ D values are clustered for each energy band. τ L and τ D consistently increase going from 1.8 to 7.7 MeV in electron energy flux E e and the dropout interval increases with increasing energy level. The average trend of Δτ DE e was 4.1 hr/MeV and the average trend of Δτ LE e was 2.82 hr/MeV.

Cross‐Scale Energy Transfer From Ion‐Scale to Electron‐Scale Waves in the Earth's Foreshock Region

JGR:Space physics - Thu, 07/25/2024 - 07:00
Abstract

Cross-scale energy transfer is a fundamental problem in plasma physics but is poorly understood. Based on Magnetospheric Multiscale satellite (MMS) data, we present the evidence of the energy transfer between ion-scale and electron-scale waves in the Earth's foreshock region. Low-frequency fast-magnetosonic waves (LFWs, ∼0.2 Hz; ion-gyration scales) are observed in the solar wind upstream of the Earth's bow shock. Due to the magnetic compression of LFWs, suprathermal electrons (∼10–100s eV) are adiabatically heated in the perpendicular direction, which leads to the high anisotropy in the high-magnetic-field region. Then high-frequency whistler mode waves (HFWs, 0.1–0.5 f ce ; electron-gyration scales) are excited by those anisotropic electrons through cyclotron resonance. Therefore, this study reveals how energy is transported from LFWs to HFWs, suggesting that wave-particle interactions have played a key role in cross-scale energy transfer in collisionless plasmas.

Radial and Vertical Structures of Plasma Disk in Jupiter's Middle Magnetosphere

JGR:Space physics - Thu, 07/25/2024 - 07:00
Abstract

The Juno mission flew through the plasma disk near the equator in Jupiter's magnetosphere frequently. We identify 274 plasma disk crossings of Juno between 10 and 40 R J from PJ5 to PJ44. Using a forward modeling method that combines the JADE-I time-of-flight and SPECIES data sets, we perform a survey of ion properties in the plasma disk. Ions are heated from 1.5 to 6 keV between 15 and 30 R J . Density and temperature are locally anti-correlated. Assumed to be related to centrifugal instabilities, cold, dense plasma are commonly observed near midnight. Plasma corotates around Jupiter and the rigid corotation breaks down outside 15–20 R J . The plasma bulk velocity increases from the post-dusk sector to the pre-dawn sector featuring injection flows in the pre-dawn sector, which is consistent with the Vasyliunas cycle. Strong outflows (>100 km/s) are commonly observed outside 20 R J and the average radial velocity increases with radial distance. The ion abundance changes between 10 and 18 R J and that might indicate plasma sources and/or sinks near Europa and Ganymede. The vertical distribution of ions is controlled by the balance between centrifugal, pressure gradient, and ambipolar electric field forces. An example near the M-shell of 13.5 shows that average plasma temperature increases by a factor of 10 from the disk center to edge, because cold ions are more confined near the equator. Lighter ions with higher charge states have more mobility along the field line and have larger scale heights. The observations are compared with multi-species diffusive equilibrium model.

Probable Controls From the Lower Layers on Sporadic E Layer Over East Asia

JGR:Space physics - Thu, 07/25/2024 - 07:00
Abstract

The sporadic E-layer (Es) exhibits unique opportunity for exploring the coupling from lower to upper atmosphere. It was found that the East Asia is with the highest intensity and occurrence probability of Es. By using the long-term data of 21 ionosonde stations in China and Japan over the past 60 yrs, this paper explores the probable control on the Es layer from the lower layers. It is found that the intensity of the Es layer is strongly correlated with the surface atmospheric temperature, terrain, and land-sea boundary. The correlation coefficient of the intensity of Es with surface temperature is as high as 0.8204, while that with the terrain and land-sea boundary is up to 0.6668. Based on the coupling between the lower and upper atmosphere, this paper reveals the probable controls from lower layers on the intensity of the Es in East Asia.

Empirical Model of the Lowest Cutoff Altitude of Global Hiss Near Magnetic Equator

JGR:Space physics - Thu, 07/25/2024 - 07:00
Abstract

Van Allen Probe observations indicate that whistler-mode hiss waves below 1 kHz are absorbed at low altitudes near magnetic equator. The lowest cutoff frequency of equatorial hiss is close to the gyrofrequency of hydrogen ions. The lowest cutoff altitude of global hiss is extracted when its occurrence rate is equal to 0.005 on the plane of altitude (L in RE) and magnetic local time (MLT). By fitting the lowest cutoff altitude of global hiss, we constructed the empirical model of the lowest cutoff altitude of equatorial hiss under geomagnetically quiet (AE < 200 nT) and active (AE ≥ 200 nT) conditions. The enhanced substorm activities reduce the lowest cutoff altitude of hiss waves on the dawnside (MLT ∼ 1–5 hr), whereas the lowest cutoff altitude of the dayside hiss is nearly fixed at ∼1.1 RE (MLT ∼ 6–20 hr). From the dayside to the nightside (MLT ∼ 0–6 hr and 20–24 hr), the lowest cutoff altitude of equatorial hiss raises gradually from 1.1 RE to 1.4 RE.

The Heart and the Chip: Our Bright Future with Robots

Science - Thu, 07/25/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6707, Page 375-375, July 2024.

Cultural constructs of the body

Science - Thu, 07/25/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6707, Page 374-374, July 2024.

The first fossil collectors

Science - Thu, 07/25/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6707, Page 375-375, July 2024.

Operating semiconductor quantum processors with hopping spins

Science - Thu, 07/25/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6707, Page 447-452, July 2024.

Borrowed dislocations for ductility in ceramics

Science - Thu, 07/25/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6707, Page 422-427, July 2024.

Neurons for infant social behaviors in the mouse zona incerta

Science - Thu, 07/25/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6707, Page 409-416, July 2024.

Clearing the Air

Science - Thu, 07/25/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6707, Page 378-379, July 2024.

High-resolution urban air pollution mapping

Science - Thu, 07/25/2024 - 05:58
Science, Volume 385, Issue 6707, Page 380-385, July 2024.

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