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El queso en tiempos de la agricultura industrial y el cambio climático

EOS - Tue, 08/19/2025 - 13:23

This is an authorized translation of an Eos article. Esta es una traducción al español autorizada de un artículo de Eos.

No hace mucho, en un día de verano, 10 personas se reunieron para comer queso en nombre de la ciencia. Degustaron pequeñas porciones de Cantal, un queso firme de leche de vaca producido históricamente en el centro-sur de Francia, y evaluaron más de 25 atributos que incluyeron el color, el olor, el sabor, el aroma y la textura. La degustación era sólo uno de los componentes de un estudio más amplio sobre los efectos del cambio de la dieta de las vacas, del pasto al maíz, debido a la industrialización y el cambio climático. Los nuevos resultados subrayan la importancia de mantener al menos parte de la hierba en la dieta de las vacas. Los nuevos hallazgos resaltan la importancia de mantener al menos algo de pastos en la dieta de las vacas.

“Su fisiología y tracto digestivo están hechos para digerir pasto”.

Las vacas, con sus cuatro bolsas estomacales, están preparadas evolutivamente para consumir pastos y extraer todos los nutrientes posibles de ese forraje. “Las vacas son herbívoras”, afirma Elisa Manzocchi, investigadora láctea de Agroscope en Posieux (Suiza), que no participó en la investigación. (Agroscope es una organización gubernamental suiza dedicada a la investigación agrícola). “Su fisiología y tracto digestivo están hechos para digerir pasto”.

Pero en todo el mundo, los bovinos se alimentan cada vez más con un dieta basada en maíz a medida que prolifera la ganadería a escala industrial – a menudo es más fácil, más eficiente y escalable alimentar a las vacas con un comedero en lugar de permitirles forrajear en un pastizal.

El cambio climático también está impulsando este cambio. Incluso en regiones en las que por bastante tiempo han llevado a las vacas a pastizales verdes, los ganaderos se enfrentan a la escasez de pasto en verano debido a las sequías. Así ocurre en Marcenat, lugar donde se encuentra una granja experimental del Instituto Nacional de Investigación para la Agricultura, la Alimentación y el Medio Ambiente (INRAE), explicó Matthieu Bouchon, científico especializado en cría de animales de ahí. El verano hace más calor que antes, pero sigue lloviendo mucho en primavera, afirmó. “Las condiciones son perfectas para el cultivo de maíz”.

Ver campos de maíz en Marcenat, una región montañosa del centro-sur de Francia a una altitud de 1,000 metros, es desconcertante, dijo Bouchon. “No es algo a lo que estamos acostumbrados”.

Bouchon y sus colegas del INRAE, dirigidos por la microbióloga Céline Delbès, investigaron recientemente cómo la modificación de la dieta de las vacas tiene efectos secundarios en la cantidad, la calidad, el valor nutricional, y el sabor de su leche y el queso resultante. En trabajos anteriores se habían comparado los resultados de dietas a base de pasto y maíz, dijo Manzocchi, pero esta investigación es particularmente exhaustiva. “Es uno de los primeros estudios en los que se analizaron muchos parámetros”.

Del suelo al pasto, del pasto a la vaca, y de ahí a la leche y al queso

El equipo se centró en 40 vacas Prim’Holstein y Montbéliarde, dividiéndolas en dos grupos: uno alimentado con una dieta basada principalmente en pastos y otro con una dieta basada en el maíz con cierto acceso a pastar forraje. Después de dos meses, la mitad de las vacas del primer grupo comenzó a recibir una dieta con menos pasto, y a la mitad de las vacas del segundo grupo se les negó por completo el acceso al pasto. El resultado fue una cohorte de cuatro grupos de bovinos que, durante casi tres meses más, comieron aproximadamente un 75 %, 50 %, 25 % y 0 % de pasto, respectivamente.

A lo largo del experimento, Delbès y sus colaboradores recogieron muestras de leche dos veces por semana (las vacas se ordeñaban dos veces al día), muestras de suelo de los pastizales e incluso muestras de las ubres de las vacas. El objetivo era comprender mejor cómo un cambio en la dieta inducido por el cambio climático se traduce en cambios en los atributos de la leche de un rebaño y, en última instancia, en el queso. “Había muchas cosas en este experimento”, dijo Bouchon.

Los investigadores solicitaron la ayuda de una quesería cercana a la granja para producir pequeñas rondas de queso Cantal, de aproximadamente medio kilogramo cada uno, utilizando leche de las vacas de cada uno de los cuatro grupos. Los quesos se maduraron durante 9 semanas antes de ser servidos a un panel de catadores entrenados en la degustación de quesos tipo Cantal.

Conservar el pasto

En consonancia con hallazgos anteriores, los investigadores descubrieron que el queso elaborado con leche de vacas alimentadas principalmente con pastos era más sabroso y tenía niveles más altos de ciertos ácidos grasos en comparación con los quesos producidos a partir de vacas alimentadas principalmente con maíz. Sin embargo, las vacas alimentadas con dietas con una mayor proporción de pastos también producían menos leche en relación con la cantidad de alimento que consumían, señaló el equipo.

En general, Delbès y sus colaboradores descubrieron que el cambio de una dieta con un 25% de pasto forrajeado a una con un 0% de pasto forrajeado era más perjudicial para la calidad nutricional y sensorial del queso, que el cambio de una dieta con un 75% de pasto forrajeado a una dieta con un 50% de pasto forrajeado.

“Es sorprendente que sólo una cuarta parte de la dieta pueda [influir] tanto en la calidad sensorial del queso”.

El hallazgo sugiere que mantener al menos una mínima cantidad de hierba fresca es fundamental para garantizar la calidad del queso, afirmó Delbès.

“Es sorprendente que sólo una cuarta parte de la dieta pueda [influir] tanto en la calidad sensorial del queso”, dijo Manzocchi. Pero tal vez ese hallazgo debería tranquilizar a los productores de queso tradicionales que ya no pueden alimentar a sus rebaños con una dieta basada principalmente en pasto, agregó. “Quizás sea una buena noticia”.

Delbès y su equipo aún no han terminado con sus rebaños Prim’Holstein y Montbéliarde. El trabajo futuro se centrará en examinar cómo los microbios presentes en el suelo y las zonas de descanso de las vacas, por ejemplo, se correlacionan con los microbios presentes en el intestino humano después del consumo de queso.

Katherine Kornei (@KatherineKornei), Escritora de ciencia

This translation by translator Stephanie Segura (@StephSeg_05) was made possible by a partnership with Planeteando y GeoLatinas. Esta traducción fue posible gracias a una asociación con Planeteando and GeoLatinas.

Text © 2025. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.

Global South faces 'disproportionately high' urban flood risk, study warns

Phys.org: Earth science - Tue, 08/19/2025 - 12:55
A new study has revealed a stark and growing inequality in urban flood exposure across the globe, with developing nations facing risks that are multiples higher than their wealthier counterparts. The study warns that this gap is set to widen, posing a severe threat to sustainable development and highlighting an urgent need for equitable climate adaptation strategies.

An update on the 21 July 2025 rock avalanche in the Matia’an valley, in Wanrong township in eastern Taiwan.

EOS - Tue, 08/19/2025 - 06:25

Following the passage Typhoon Podul, the lake created by this massive landslide has now grown considerably. Overtopping is expected in October, although could occur sooner if further heavy rainfall occurs.

The landslide-dammed lake behind the the enormous 21 July 2025 rock avalanche in the Matia’an valley, in Wanrong township in eastern Taiwan continues to fill. Meanwhile, the landslide itself is evolving with time. This is a Planet Labs image of the site soon after the main rock avalanche occurred:-

Planet Labs image showing the site of the 21 July 2025 landslide in the Matia’an valley in Wanrong township, Taiwan. Satellite image copyright Planet Labs , used with permission. Image dated 25 July 2025.

Whilst this is the most recent satellite image (note that the right hand side is the older image):-

Recent Planet Labs image showing the site of the 21 July 2025 landslide in the Matia’an valley in Wanrong township, Taiwan. Satellite image copyright Planet Labs, used with permission. Image dated 18 August 2025.

And here is a slider so that you can compare the two images:-

Image copyright Planet Labs.

This area received very heavy rainfall as a result of the passage of Typhoon Podul. This has driven a number of changes. Perhaps most obviously, the lake is now very considerably larger. This will continue to grow over the coming weeks until overtopping occurs.

Second, as I noted in my original post, the landslide generated a large volume of dust which had settled around the deposit, especially to the south. This has now been washed away.

Thirdly, there have been more failures from the rear scarp of the landslide, so the landslide deposit has evolved.

And finally, the heavy rainfall has driven some erosion of the finer-grained portions of the landslide deposit.

It is also worth noting that a few other, smaller, lakes have now formed on the landslide. The largest of these is about 250 x 200 metres, so not insignificant.

On 14 August 2025, etaiwan.news posted an article in Mandarin about the landslide. It noted that the Taiwan Government has authorised funding to “develop disaster mitigation, monitoring, evacuation, and engineering plans”. This includes the development of an evacuation plan, but also “evaluation and planning, excavation of spillways, construction of embankments, bed consolidation, etc., to reduce the risk of dam collapse and protect downstream areas”.

The Hualien Branch of the Forestry and Conservation Department has released these two images of the lake at the site of the in the Matia’an valley:-

The deposit of the 21 July 2025 landslide in the Matai’an valley in Wanrong township, Taiwan. Image by provided by Hualien Branch of the Forestry and Conservation Department/Wang Zhiwei Hualien Fax.

The deposit of the landslide is well-captured, with the lake in the background. This is the same site from the lake looking towards the toe:-

The lake formed by the 21 July 2025 landslide in the Matai’an valley in Wanrong township, Taiwan. Image by provided by Hualien Branch of the Forestry and Conservation Department/Wang Zhiwei Hualien Fax.

Immediately after the typhoon, the lake had reached 43% of its storage capacity with a freeboard of 55 metres. Assuming that no further typhoons affect this area, and in the absence of the construction of a spillway, overtopping is likely to occur in October.

Reference

Planet Team 2025. Planet Application Program Interface: In Space for Life on Earth. San Francisco, CA. https://www.planet.com/

Return to The Landslide Blog homepage Text © 2023. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3.0
Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited.

Exascale simulations underpin quake-resistant infrastructure designs

Phys.org: Earth science - Tue, 08/19/2025 - 05:53
Simulations still can't predict exactly when an earthquake will happen, but with the incredible processing power of modern exascale supercomputers, they can now predict how they will happen and how much damage they will likely cause.

Grand Canyon's Dragon Bravo megafire shows the growing wildfire threat to water systems

Phys.org: Earth science - Tue, 08/19/2025 - 01:00
As wildfire crews battled the Dragon Bravo Fire on the Grand Canyon's North Rim in July 2025, the air turned toxic.

PoViT-UQ: P-wave Polarity and Arrival Time Determination using Vision Transformer with Uncertainty Quantification

Geophysical Journal International - Tue, 08/19/2025 - 00:00
SummaryDetermining earthquake focal mechanisms is essential for understanding fault geometry and the stress field in the Earth's crust. When focal mechanisms are estimated using P-wave first-motion polarities, accurate polarity determination is critical. In recent years, deep-learning-based polarity-determination models have been developed. However, the estimation of focal mechanisms using P-wave polarities is often not robust. When automating this process using deep learning models, it is crucial to identify and utilize only those polarity predictions that the model infers with high accuracy and low uncertainty. In this study, we propose a novel deep learning model, PoViT-UQ, that combines a Vision Transformer (ViT) with Monte Carlo Dropout (MCD) to estimate high-precision initial P-wave polarity classification and arrival time detection with uncertainty quantification. Using seismic waveform data sampled at 100 and 250 Hz, the model classifies polarities into three classes (Up, Down, and Noise) and simultaneously estimates P-wave arrival times. The results showed a classification accuracy exceeding 98% and a standard deviation of 0.027 s in the arrival time estimation using the 250 Hz model. By integrating MCD, we evaluate prediction uncertainty and apply an interquartile range threshold of ≤0.15 to improve the accuracy of focal mechanism estimates. Validation using aftershock data from the 2016 Central Tottori Earthquake confirmed that our approach contributes to efficient and high-precision focal mechanism estimates. Our model advances automated initial P-wave polarity determination and enables reliable data selection based on uncertainty quantification.

Surface core flow dynamic pressure estimation

Geophysical Journal International - Tue, 08/19/2025 - 00:00
SummaryThe flows within Earth’s fluid outer core push and pull on the core-mantle boundary (CMB) through dynamic pressure variations, potentially leading to deformation of the CMB. It is therefore crucial to obtain a realistic estimate of the pressure associated with flows within the fluid core. In many studies, it is commonly assumed that the flow tangent to the CMB is in balance between Coriolis and pressure gradient forces, known as a tangentially geostrophic (TG) flow. A static pressure field is thereby associated kinematically to the flow field at the core’s surface. We run direct numeric simulations of the magnetohydrodynamic equations in the Boussinesq approximation that can solve for the pressure field and allow for a comparison between a fully dynamic solution and the TG pressure estimate. An excellent agreement between the two pressure fields is found for a steady image of the core surface dynamics. However, the performance of the TG pressure estimate is not without limitations. Although it effectively captures most of the temporal dynamics associated with the fluid flow, discrepancies arise, particularly near the equator and for rapid changes in flow dynamics.

Discovery of hidden faults sheds light on mystery of 'slow earthquakes'

Phys.org: Earth science - Mon, 08/18/2025 - 20:30
Scientists have uncovered a key piece of the puzzle behind the unusual "slow earthquakes" occurring off the east coast of New Zealand's North Island.

Researcher: We can build safer tunnels with artificial intelligence

Phys.org: Earth science - Mon, 08/18/2025 - 20:16
Every day, new tunnels are being built through rock across the country. The completed tunnels are safe, but the construction phase presents challenges.

Dual-purpose use of the Santa Maria VGOS antenna for geodetic VLBI and methanol maser observations

Publication date: 15 August 2025

Source: Advances in Space Research, Volume 76, Issue 4

Author(s): Valente A. Cuambe, Diogo F. Avelar, Abel García-Castellano, João S. Ferreira, Mariana Moreira, Pedro G. Martins, Cristina García-Miró, José A. Lopéz-Pérez

Relativistic electron scattering by high-frequency EMIC waves: Test-particle results using self-consistently generated wave fields

Publication date: 15 August 2025

Source: Advances in Space Research, Volume 76, Issue 4

Author(s): Kyungguk Min

Physical simulation method for meteoroid atmospheric entry with multiple-peaked light curves

Publication date: 15 August 2025

Source: Advances in Space Research, Volume 76, Issue 4

Author(s): Ziwen Li, Zhenye Li, Xiangyuan Zeng, Jifeng Liu, Hu Zou

Mission analysis for the first-ever Saturn Trojan 2019 UO<sub>14</sub>

Publication date: 15 August 2025

Source: Advances in Space Research, Volume 76, Issue 4

Author(s): Yuki Takao

Spacecraft maneuver detection based on nonlinear uncertainty propagation along decussated orbital arc

Publication date: 15 August 2025

Source: Advances in Space Research, Volume 76, Issue 4

Author(s): Zhen Yang, Hexiang Huang, Jiasheng Li, Yazhong Luo

Deep learning-enhanced Koopman operator linearization with LQR control for satellite attitude regulation

Publication date: 15 August 2025

Source: Advances in Space Research, Volume 76, Issue 4

Author(s): Zixuan Zhou, Yadong Chen, Peng Cheng, Huan Cheng

Review on magnetic control technology of spacecraft relative motion

Publication date: 15 August 2025

Source: Advances in Space Research, Volume 76, Issue 4

Author(s): Yuan-wen Zhang, Le-ping Yang

Multiple solutions of initial orbit determination in cislunar space

Publication date: 15 August 2025

Source: Advances in Space Research, Volume 76, Issue 4

Author(s): Xin Liu, Xiyun Hou, Roberto Armellin

Multi-objective optimization and cost-benefit analysis of configuration maintenance for the TianQin mission

Publication date: 15 August 2025

Source: Advances in Space Research, Volume 76, Issue 4

Author(s): Xuan Xie, Fanghua Jiang, Junfeng Li

High-fidelity dynamics modeling of long-term station keeping around Earth-Moon synodic resonant halo orbits using solar sails

Publication date: 15 August 2025

Source: Advances in Space Research, Volume 76, Issue 4

Author(s): Toshihiro Chujo

Short-term space occupancy and conjunction filter

Publication date: 15 August 2025

Source: Advances in Space Research, Volume 76, Issue 4

Author(s): Ana S. Rivero, Claudio Bombardelli, Rafael Vazquez

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